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Life

Surprising fossils suggest early animals survived outside of water

A new look at fossils from the Cambrian Period around 500 million years ago has revealed that some of the earliest animals spent time on mudflats that were sometimes exposed to the air – a find that could rewrite the story of when life first left the oceans

By Michael Marshall

14 February 2025

Trace fossil of an animal that may have lived on a mudflat during the Cambrian Period

Giovanni Mussini

Animals living about 500 million years ago spent time on mudflats that were periodically exposed to the air. The finding suggests that some of the earliest animals were able to survive outside of water, if only for a limited time – tens of millions of years before some animals started living permanently on land.

“They must have had mechanisms to cope with some of the stressors of this environment,” says Giovanni Mussini at the University of Cambridge. “There was already the genetic…

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