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ONE of the bonuses of global warming is the potential for new shipping routes to open up through the Arctic as ice retreats, shortening journeys by many thousands of miles. There is a downside, however. New northern passages could significantly boost levels of low-lying ozone as ship exhausts pump pollutants into the pristine environment.

Climate models indicate that the northern passages – the north-east coast of Siberia, northern Alaska and around the Canadian archipelago – may be open to shipping during the summer months from around 2050 onwards. Claire Granier, from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris,…

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