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IT’S 8 August 2008. Russian tanks roll into Georgia. Over the next two days, Russian jets and warships bomb the former Soviet republic’s cities and block its ports. The familiar images of war – bloodied civilians and ruined buildings – hit TV screens around the world.

Meanwhile, a less well-known form of conflict was also under way – in cyberspace. Georgian government servers were flooded with incoming signals, rendering many websites useless, including those of the parliament and foreign ministry. It was the first time that online attacks had coincided so clearly with a real-world conflict.

Many pointed fingers at the Russian government…

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