From Richard Harris
Robert Kurzban suggests we have at least two parallel systems for deciding right and wrong: one based on kin selection and one prohibiting specific actions (18 February, p 10).
These moral systems often suggest outcomes that are in conflict. I don’t doubt that we have a utilitarian mode, but we are also concerned with ensuring justice for the individual.
For example, killing an individual might benefit the public good by harvesting their organs, so it would be right from a utilitarian point of view, but could be wrong because it is unjust for the individual. I suggest that we have evolved instincts to consider the consequences of acting in accordance with both of these ethical systems.
Being social animals, we also have an instinct for complying with socially sanctioned arbitrary rules, giving the potential for a three-way split.
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For example, working on a Sunday should be allowed for the general public good; to protect the shop worker there is a legal provision in the UK to opt out; and the Bible requires Sunday workers to be put to death (Exodus, 35:2). Fortunately, that third option is not currently promoted.
Corfe Mullen, Dorset, UK
